{"id":5518,"date":"2026-01-05T12:00:54","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T12:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T10:36:30","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T10:36:30","slug":"damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/","title":{"rendered":"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5518\" class=\"elementor elementor-5518 elementor-4141\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de66b9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"de66b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4202d7ba e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4202d7ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a10d2d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a10d2d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e64ce95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3e64ce95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"737\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-1024x943.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5440\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-1024x943.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-300x276.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-768x707.png 768w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-13x12.png 13w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858.png 1133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a84be3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6a84be3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1082aafd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1082aafd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a536877 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a536877\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The problem: damage caused by oxidative stress<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43816532 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"43816532\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51ab3f64 e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51ab3f64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59775dd8 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"59775dd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"469\" height=\"558\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-35@2x.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5377\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-35@2x.png 469w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-35@2x-252x300.png 252w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-35@2x-10x12.png 10w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 469px) 100vw, 469px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32749865 e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32749865\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:1500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dfab2ea elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute floatRand elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3dfab2ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"310\" height=\"290\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/oxygen.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5378\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/oxygen.png 310w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/oxygen-300x281.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c295ecd e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1c295ecd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:2500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-464b431a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute floatRand elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"464b431a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"351\" height=\"306\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/glucose.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5379\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/glucose.png 351w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/glucose-300x262.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3367c827 e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3367c827\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:3500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6756393c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute floatRand elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6756393c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"272\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/cell-enrgy.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5380\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/cell-enrgy.png 272w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/cell-enrgy-182x300.png 182w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 272px) 100vw, 272px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12c20677 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"12c20677\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:5000}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3199a0cb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3199a0cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/arrow-eng@2x-1024x474.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5381\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/arrow-eng@2x-1024x474.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/arrow-eng@2x-300x139.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/arrow-eng@2x-768x355.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/arrow-eng@2x-1536x711.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/arrow-eng@2x.webp 1748w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a65bcf1 e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a65bcf1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:5500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31ccfc9c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"31ccfc9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-37@2x-1024x269.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5382\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-37@2x-1024x269.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-37@2x-300x79.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-37@2x-768x202.png 768w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-37@2x-1536x404.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-37@2x-18x5.png 18w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-37@2x.png 1830w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67780f8b e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"67780f8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:6500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bd00940 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2bd00940\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"412\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/energy-release.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5383\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/energy-release.webp 933w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/energy-release-300x155.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/energy-release-768x396.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bf4c96 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9bf4c96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:7500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18143da5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-absolute floatRand elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"18143da5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"730\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-34@2x.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5384\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-34@2x.png 918w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-34@2x-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-34@2x-768x701.png 768w, https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Element-34@2x-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-257d65b6 elementor-absolute elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"257d65b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:9000}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cell damage to proteins caused by free radicals hinders:<br>\u2022 DNA repair<br>\u2022 Mitochondrial repair<br>\u2022 Many metabolic processes<br>\u2022 Countless cellular activities<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8b5bb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"e8b5bb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>const FLOAT = {\n    maxX: 5,\n    maxY: 5,\n    maxDuration: 20,\n    minDuration: 30,\n    points: 10,\n    maxDelay: 0.5\n  }\n\n  const clamp = (v, limit) => Math.max(-limit, Math.min(limit, v))\n  const randRange = (limit) => (Math.random() * 2 - 1) * limit\n\n  const makeKeyframes = (name, maxX, maxY, points) => {\n    const steps = Math.max(2, points)\n    let css = `@keyframes ${name}{`\n    for (let i = 0; i < steps; i++){\n      const pct = Math.round((i \/ (steps - 1)) * 100)\n      const x = clamp(randRange(maxX), maxX).toFixed(2)\n      const y = clamp(randRange(maxY), maxY).toFixed(2)\n      css += `${pct}%{translate:${x}px ${y}px;}`\n    }\n    css += `}`\n    return css\n  }\n\n  const styleTag = document.createElement(\"style\")\n  document.head.appendChild(styleTag)\n\n  document.querySelectorAll(\".floatRand\").forEach((el, i) => {\n    const name = `floatTranslate_${i}_${Math.random().toString(16).slice(2)}`\n    styleTag.textContent += makeKeyframes(name, FLOAT.maxX, FLOAT.maxY, FLOAT.points)\n\n    const minDur = Math.min(FLOAT.minDuration, FLOAT.maxDuration)\n    const dur = (minDur + Math.random() * (FLOAT.maxDuration - minDur)).toFixed(2)\n    const delay = (Math.random() * FLOAT.maxDelay).toFixed(2)\n\n    el.style.willChange = \"translate\"\n    el.style.translate = \"0px 0px\"\n    el.style.animation = `${name} ${dur}s cubic-bezier(0.42,0,0.58,1) ${delay}s infinite alternate`\n  })\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1821691f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1821691f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60af4269 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"60af4269\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All cellular activity requires energy. When a cell obtains energy from oxygen and glucose, free radicals are always produced. Some of these free radicals are in an excited, high-energy state and release this electromagnetic energy into the surrounding water. Regardless of whether they are excited or not, free radicals inevitably cause oxidative stress, damaging all cell components.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-236625ba elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"236625ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This triggers a vicious cycle: the more active a cell is, the more free radicals it produces, and the greater the damage it sustains. Proteins are particularly vulnerable. Damage from oxidative stress leads to the unfolding of their complex 3D structures. Once unfolded, proteins lose their ability to perform vital functions and cell repair. This includes repairs to DNA and mitochondria for energy production. As oxidative damage increases, cell activity decreases. Over time, this cumulative damage contributes to aging processes, diseases, and both physical and mental decline.      <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-666d770 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"666d770\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00e1af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e00e1af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Effects of oxidative stress<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3258550 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3258550\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49f0029 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49f0029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oxidative stress has profound effects on the human body. The cellular damage, which occurs at the molecular level (proteins, DNA and lipids), manifests in everyday life as: <\/p><ul><li><b>Impaired function<\/b><\/li><li><b>Reduced performance<\/b><\/li><li><b>Aging<\/b><b><\/b><\/li><\/ul><p>Here is a detailed breakdown of how these problems manifest in our lives and what causes them:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1368218 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1368218\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d28ad4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"d28ad4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:200,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"funktionsverlust\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"funktionsverlust\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Impaired function <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"funktionsverlust\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d42742a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d42742a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"funktionsverlust\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1c5b2b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1c5b2b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-367bceb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"367bceb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFunctional losses are subtle at first, before they lead to more significant limitations.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64960b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64960b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How it is noticeable:<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc928c7 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"cc928c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Cognitive performance: <\/strong>Difficulty concentrating, memory problems (\"brain fog\") and slower thinking. Damage to neurons and neurotransmitters by ROS impairs normal brain function. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Muscular function:<\/strong> Reduced muscle strength and endurance, longer recovery times after physical exertion and muscle pain.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Immune function: <\/strong>More frequent infections, as immune cells are weakened by oxidative stress and their ability to fight off pathogens diminishes.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Sensory functions:<\/strong> Impairment of vision (e.g., cataracts and macular degeneration) or hearing in old age, often caused by oxidative stress in sensitive tissues.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Chronic diseases<\/strong><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"leistungsverlust\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"leistungsverlust\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Reduced performance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"leistungsverlust\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76065fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76065fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"leistungsverlust\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a431c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a431c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a31befb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a31befb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Performance decline refers to the reduced efficiency of the entire organism in producing and utilizing energy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac6b50e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac6b50e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How it is noticeable:<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e306718 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"e306718\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Chronic fatigue:<\/strong> A persistent feeling of exhaustion that cannot be relieved by sleep. This occurs because the mitochondria (the energy producers) are damaged and can no longer provide enough ATP (cellular energy). <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Reduced energy and vitality:<\/strong> Lack of drive and motivation (both physical and mental).<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Reduced stress resistance:<\/strong> The body is less able to respond to physical or mental stress, leading to faster burnout.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Poorer recovery: <\/strong>Wounds heal more slowly, and it takes longer to recover from injuries or stress.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"alterung\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"alterung\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Aging <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"alterung\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31063b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31063b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"alterung\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b11861 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9b11861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0180d7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0180d7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oxidative stress is considered one of the main causes of the cellular aging theory (the &#8220;Free Radical Theory of Aging&#8221;). It accelerates the natural aging process in both visible and invisible ways. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ca860a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ca860a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How it is noticeable:<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8edabf8 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"8edabf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Skin aging: <\/strong>The most common and visible consequence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage collagen and elastin, which give skin firmness and elasticity. This leads to wrinkles, age spots, dryness, and a dull complexion.  <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Biological age vs. chronological age:<\/strong> People exposed to high levels of oxidative stress (e.g., through smoking, poor diet, pollution, stress, and overextertion) often look older than their actual age.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#000000\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 256\"><path d=\"M232,128A104,104,0,1,1,128,24,104.13,104.13,0,0,1,232,128Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Cellular senescence: <\/strong>Cells stop dividing and die. The accumulation of these aged cells contributes to the loss of function in tissues and organs. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-511699d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"511699d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>In summary:<\/b> nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and accelerated aging are often the first signs. If oxidative stress persists, it leads to more specific, diagnosable chronic diseases that severely impair quality of life. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b3f83 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87b3f83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dbeda0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8dbeda0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f93ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f93ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Basic research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cbcc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cbcc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Research shows that oxidative stress damages proteins and prevents them from folding correctly, leading to impaired function, aging, and disease.<\/p><p>Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), also known as free radicals, and the body&#8217;s ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. The excess ROS attack various cellular components, resulting in widespread damage. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f66d303 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f66d303\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8a2e2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c8a2e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"min-height: 270px; min-width: 480px; width: 100%; position: relative; aspect-ratio: 1.78;\">\n  <script id=\"f6f949e217d459ea75bb5d23d959cb95-vod-d989f86d5300035f9ba93b8412a0d142\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/player.dacast.com\/js\/player.js?contentId=f6f949e217d459ea75bb5d23d959cb95-vod-d989f86d5300035f9ba93b8412a0d142\" class=\"dc-video\">\n  <\/script>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3465b01 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3465b01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d788e99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d788e99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Damage to proteins<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bec257 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0bec257\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proteins are a primary target of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and play a crucial role in the functional impairment, aging, and disease processes caused by oxidative stress.<\/p><p>Protein damage has <strong>far-reaching consequences:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><b>Loss of function: <\/b>Modified proteins, particularly enzymes, receptors, and signaling molecules, lose their biological activity, disrupting cellular processes and signaling pathways.<\/li><li><p><b>Accumulation of waste products:<\/b> When the cell&#8217;s repair and degradation capacity (proteasome system) is overwhelmed, damaged proteins accumulate and contribute to cellular dysfunction.<\/p><\/li><li><p><b>Secondary stress:<\/b> The accumulation of damaged proteins can trigger further stress on the cell&#8217;s protein quality control system.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e200f2c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e200f2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c953609 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c953609\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mechanisms and consequences<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4bcdac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4bcdac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><b>Amino acid modification: <\/b>ROS modify specific, oxidation-prone amino acids such as cysteine, methionine, lysine, arginine, and proline. These modifications alter the chemical composition and structure of proteins. <\/li><li><b>Loss of structure (denaturation):<\/b> The native folding of proteins is lost.<\/li><li><b>Loss of function: <\/b>Enzymes essential for metabolism lose their catalytic activity. Receptors can no longer receive signals, and transport proteins no longer function efficiently. <\/li><li><b>Aggregation: <\/b>Damaged proteins tend to aggregate and form insoluble deposits that cannot be efficiently degraded and accumulate in the cell.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b317f52 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b317f52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91ad302 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"91ad302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Damage to other cell components<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e01d93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e01d93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In addition to proteins, oxidative stress also damages <strong>lipids, DNA,<\/strong> and <strong>mitochondria<\/strong>, comprehensively jeopardizing cell integrity.<\/p><ul><li><b>Lipids (fats):<\/b> Cell membranes and organelle membranes consist primarily of lipids. <b>Lipid peroxidation<\/b> is a chain reaction process in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack unsaturated fatty acids. <\/li><li><b>Membrane damage:<\/b> The integrity of the cell membrane is compromised, leading to increased permeability and ultimately cell death.<\/li><li><b>Formation of toxic aldehydes:<\/b> Lipid peroxidation produces secondary toxic products such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), which in turn react with proteins and DNA, causing further damage.<\/li><li><b>DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):<\/b> Oxidative stress can directly damage both nuclear DNA (in the cell nucleus) and mitochondrial DNA.<\/li><li><b>Base modifications: <\/b>The most common type of damage is the formation of 8-oxo-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker for oxidative DNA damage.<\/li><li><b>Single- and double-strand breaks:<\/b> These breaks can lead to mutations that overwhelm DNA repair mechanisms and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer.<\/li><li><b>Chromosomal aberrations:<\/b> Major structural changes in chromosomes can occur.<\/li><li><b>Mitochondria:<\/b> Mitochondria, the &#8220;powerhouses of the cell,&#8221; are both the primary site and target of ROS damage.<\/li><li><b>Impaired energy production:<\/b> Damage to mitochondrial DNA and proteins (such as respiratory chain complexes) reduces the cell&#8217;s ability to produce ATP (energy).<\/li><li><b>Increased ROS output: <\/b>Damaged mitochondria produce even greater amounts of ROS, creating a vicious cycle of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.<\/li><li><b>Apoptosis (cell death):<\/b> When the damage becomes too extensive, the mitochondria initiate programmed cell death.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress The problem: damage caused by oxidative stress Cell damage to proteins caused by free radicals hinders:\u2022 DNA repair\u2022 Mitochondrial repair\u2022 Many metabolic processes\u2022 Countless cellular activities All cellular activity requires energy. When a cell obtains energy from oxygen and glucose, free radicals are always produced. Some of these free radicals [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":5513,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5518","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress - Nanovi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress - Nanovi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress The problem: damage caused by oxidative stress Cell damage to proteins caused by free radicals hinders:\u2022 DNA repair\u2022 Mitochondrial repair\u2022 Many metabolic processes\u2022 Countless cellular activities All cellular activity requires energy. When a cell obtains energy from oxygen and glucose, free radicals are always produced. Some of these free radicals [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Nanovi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-26T10:36:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1133\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1043\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/\",\"name\":\"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress - Nanovi\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-1024x943.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-05T12:00:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-26T10:36:30+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-1024x943.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-1024x943.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/home\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Applied Science\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/\",\"name\":\"Nanovi\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Nanovi\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoviFooterLogov2-1024x228-1-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoviFooterLogov2-1024x228-1-1.png\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":228,\"caption\":\"Nanovi\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress - Nanovi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress - Nanovi","og_description":"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress The problem: damage caused by oxidative stress Cell damage to proteins caused by free radicals hinders:\u2022 DNA repair\u2022 Mitochondrial repair\u2022 Many metabolic processes\u2022 Countless cellular activities All cellular activity requires energy. When a cell obtains energy from oxygen and glucose, free radicals are always produced. Some of these free radicals [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/","og_site_name":"Nanovi","article_modified_time":"2026-03-26T10:36:30+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1133,"height":1043,"url":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/","url":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/","name":"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress - Nanovi","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-1024x943.png","datePublished":"2026-01-05T12:00:54+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-26T10:36:30+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-1024x943.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoVi-Exo-e1662504085858-1024x943.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/damage-caused-by-oxidative-stress\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/home\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Applied Science","item":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/applied-science\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Damage Caused by Oxidative Stress"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/","name":"Nanovi","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#organization","name":"Nanovi","url":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoviFooterLogov2-1024x228-1-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/NanoviFooterLogov2-1024x228-1-1.png","width":1024,"height":228,"caption":"Nanovi"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5518","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5518"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5518\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6180,"href":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5518\/revisions\/6180"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5513"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nanovi.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}